Women s Own Body Image - 2038 Words

What are the effects of the constant images we see in the media, of retouched models and unrealistic portrayals of women, on woman’s own body image? Slide 1 – Title Question. In this presentation I will be discussing some of the issues faced by the women of today, that find themselves emerged in western culture by being constantly bombarded by images of ‘The thin ideal’. ‘The thin ideal’ is the common perception of the feminine physique to have a small waist and little body fat. Women are physiologically affected by this ‘Thin ideal’ to different degrees. Its shown that the more an individual buys into these socially defined ideas of attractiveness, the more likely they are to relate that idea to positive outcomes in life such as confidence happiness and success in relationships for example Slide 2 – Unrealistic standards of beauty? (click) The medias portrayal of the ‘unrealistic ideal woman’ is seen in countless images in the media via magazines, films , music videos , in newspapers , on social media such as twitter , Facebook ,Instagram and tumbler. Pretty much all of the photographs you see will incorporate all or some of the same characteristics. These include flawless skin, white teeth, a slender figure , large breasts , large bums , skinny waists ,flat stomachs ,thick hair , big eyes and big lips and the list goes on.(click) It is commonplace to accept these photographs as reality. These are the features mainly retouched in the images you see daily. It would beShow MoreRelatedHigh Prevalence Of Body Image Concerns927 Words   |  4 Pageshigh prevalence of body image concerns, there has been an increase in observed and medical attention, as it found to have negative consequences on audiences alike. Results of progress has been on a decline, as media up rises on the profit of advertisements giving negative connotation of women s bodies, and shows women in thin unrealistic ways that make it unattainable for them to be real. Even though women are at fault for falling under the spell of media s influence, women have been developedRead More Medias Influences on the Development of a Womans Self-Esteem1301 Words   |  6 PagesWomans Self-Esteem As young women grow up it is a time for learning. This time can be easier to handle by some than others. For some it can be a revelation of new experiences and ideas, but for other it can also be a difficult, stressful time for those trying to discover themselves. This can affect themselves as well as those around them. During this time, young women are likely to identify with those around them, their peers. Identifying with peers can help young women along by giving them the opportunityRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 Pagesabs, and a small waist while good looking women are viewed to have the characteristics of being slim and fit, having a small waist, lean hips, and perfect skin complexion. As a result, many people are affected by our own societys portrayals of good looking men and women that they feel pressured into doing whatever it takes and going through extreme measures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gym trying to achieve t hat perfect body. Body image is evident in the gym, as the men are liftingRead MoreThe Advertising Of Diet Plans And Supplements Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesToday s society is constantly presented with misrepresentations of the ideal body image through the advertising of diet plans and supplements. Companies in the fitness industry scam people into buying useless products or services by advertising with individuals that have, what the mass media sees as, the perfect body composition. In addition to getting consumers to buy into a product or service, these companies also aid society with the spreading of this fake idea of what classifies as theRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Women1729 Words   |  7 PagesUnfortunately, even knowing that most cover images are digitally altered, the question of how my own body measures up still haunts me. Since the average American female will collect over 250,000 persuasive media messages by the time they are seventeen, the ubiquitous imag es seen are major factors in the way women perceive themselves (Gallivan, Heather). The media has not always been this demanding of young women. Today, when most think of the â€Å"ideal body† we think of women who are skinny. The media constantlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Body Image1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe media is one of the leading causes of self esteem and body image issues in not only women but men as well. This is due to the fact that thousands of advertisements contain messages about physical attractiveness and beauty. Examples include: commercials for clothes, cosmetics, weight loss, hair removal, laser surgery and physical fitness. The effects of advertising on body image have been studied by researchers, psychologists, marketing professionals and more. Researchers, Mary Martin and JamesRead MoreEssay on The Media Influence on Body Image925 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between media and body image ( Holmstrom, 2004). Here I review the theory that has been used by researcher in the area. Bandura’s Social cognitive theor y (1994) assumed that â€Å"people learn and model the behaviors of attractive others†. The supporters of this theory suggest that young women find slim models in the media attractive and try to imitate them through dieting which leads them to eating disorders. Body image refers to a person’s unique perception of his/her body. It is how we perceiveRead MoreThe Evolution of a Womans Body Image1282 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of a Woman’s Body Image A womans body is always in the spotlight and expected to look presentable no matter what. Body image is a fight that women have been battling virtually since the 1700s. That is approximately 300 years that the ideal body has been altered in accordance to what society deems as â€Å"beautiful†. It is difficult to predict something that has transformed many times throughout the years, yet in the 1990s and early 2000s, if models became any skinnier, they would notRead MoreThe impact of medias representation of ideal body size on attitudes towards own body image952 Words   |  4 Pagesattitudes of their own body weight dissatisfaction (Jacobi Cash‚ 1994). This dissatisfaction stems from discrepancies between the accepted standard of female body image repeatedly shown in today’s media and their own bodies leading to the formation of attitudes that their own weight is not adequate. For example, a meta-analysis comparing the results of 25 studies that presented media images of thin models, reported a significant effect size (of d= -0.31) across all studies, showing that women feel worseRead MoreBody Image : The African American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesBody Image in the African American Culture Today we live in a society that over the years has become so obsessed with body image and how an individual should look. Different cultures have different standards and norms that help to define their ideal body image. African Americans because of their differences in culture have gone against most cultural norms and have set their own definitions of beauty, body image, and body satisfaction. Because of these key differences, the African American community

Non Verbal And Interpersonal Communication - 1037 Words

Non-Verbal and Interpersonal Communication Introduction Humans are very intelligent beings. We say one thing and mean another, most of the times at least. While having a conversation, it is important that we asses, analyze and then respond to have a meaningful conversation. This is true more so in the case where we are interacting with a lot of cross cultural people. Non-verbal communication is nothing but body language in generic and facial expressions, postures, gestures and interpersonal space in specific, to name a few. Facial Expressions Facial expressions are a part of non-verbal communication. People can recognize other persons’ emotions by reading facial expressions. In recent work, researchers â€Å"define 21 distinct emotion†¦show more content†¦Eye contact is looking into people’s eyes with mouth curve up and brows relaxed, while staring at people is looking at people with brows wrinkled and lips tight. In fact, staring at people reveals the signal of hatred that you never want to bring coworkers and customers. In addition, smile with apples of the cheeks states truly delight. However, smiling while frowning is more or less fake and it exhibits the feeling of being embarrassed. While talking with customer or answering their questions, a person picks up ears and turns head to one side a little bit implies he or she is patiently listening and serious about the conversation. Plus, as a professional staff, he or she doesn’t want to be indifferent to customers and thus snorting and cri nkling nose up with mouth curve down are definitely forbidden in business talks. Finally, conversations between friends and families are more casual. In this case, people are relaxed. They may not keep eye contact all the time but they prefer to use their multi-facial expressions to express plentiful emotions. For instance, smile, laugh and grin are three popular expressions in casual conversation, they look like the same but they do vary. The corners of mouth curve up present a smile. The mouth is opened a bit more and the voice is then heard, which shows a laugh. Smiling broadly and showing teeth brings a grin. Facial expressions are a crucial part of interpersonal communication, for it conveys variousShow MoreRelatedCOR109 Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Assessment Task- Evaluate the extent to which electronic communication enhances or detracts from the quality of interpersonal communication compared to face-to-face communication. Your analysis must engage with three elements of interpersonal communication (for example, eye contact or gestures) and discuss how each is affected by one particular electronic channel of communication. Your essay should be grounded in communication theory from appropriate academic sources. Name: Student I.D:Read MoreThe Importance of Non-Verbal Communication929 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Non-verbal communication has been a major factor contributing towards our day to day lives. In terms of design and workplace as well as cultural variations non-verbal communication plays an important role in these places. It includes the usage of the human’s subconscious mind to construct a series of facial expressions, hand gestures as well as the usage of the human’s vocal tones which indeed causes a form of effective communication if used in the right manner. For example, when parentsRead MoreInterpersonal Communication1053 Words   |  5 PagesInterpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is defined by Michael Cody as: the exchange of symbols used to achieve interpersonal goals(28). Does this definition include everything, or does it only include certain things?. When we are dealing with the issue of interpersonal communication we must realize that people view it differently. In this paper I will develop my own idea or definition of what interpersonal communication is. I will then proceed to identify any important assumptionsRead MoreVerbal and Nonverbal Interpersonal Communication869 Words   |  4 PagesVerbal and non-verbal Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication is the form of communication that exists between two people; it is a universal kind of communication. It includes the daily exchange that may be formal in nature or informal. Interpersonal communication is manifest in verbal or non-verbal form. The non-verbal can assume the form of expression, gestures and postures (MBA Knowledge base, 2011). Interpersonal communication, be it verbal or non-verbal, involves disseminationRead More Interpersonal Communication Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interpersonal communication is defined by Michael Cody as: the exchange of symbols used to achieve interpersonal goals(28). Does this definition include everything, or does it only include certain things?. When we are dealing with the issue of interpersonal communication we must realize that people view it differently. In this paper I will develop my own idea or definition of what interpersonal communication is. I will then proceed to identify any important assumptions or issues thatRead MoreInterpersonal Relationships And Its Effects On The Family And Community822 Words   |  4 Pagesneed for interpersonal relationships including intimate, business, and family relationships, and friendship. The topic of interpersonal relationships has been an area of concern for many disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Academicians aim to discover the combination of factors that sustain or hinder interpersonal relations and why people need them. In this quest, many theories, concepts, and axioms have been proposed to explain the complex notion of interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreNon-Verbal and Intercultural Communication861 Words   |  3 PagesIt is interesting to note that non-verbal communication is very complex and sometimes confusing to others. Non-verbal communication can be ambiguous, but at the same time it is not more important than verbal communication and it is different from culture to c ulture, Baden Eunson (2005). Baden Eunson provide examples where he states that non-verbal communication is not something that we can read and understand easily, contrary non-verbal communication is very complex and it’s consisted of one or moreRead MoreThe Significant Principles of Management Communications2466 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Research Paper: The Significant Principles of Management Communications Mia A. Rapier BUS 600: Management Communication with Technology Tools Instructor Cheryl Moore July 27, 2014 It’s been understood that â€Å"communication in business involves a complex set of unwritten rules governing speech, written correspondence and body language that varies in different parts of the world† (Ingram, 2014). Communication is the essential component of business, â€Å"from the entry-level manager to theRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal communication in the workplace is developed positively or negatively on the individual relationships we have combined with our human behaviors and human actions within each of those relationships. There are many things that can affect interpersonal communications within the workplace, from generational that create technological gaps, to diversity and tolerance it creates, and finally the type of workplace, is it a team environment encouraging inclusiveness within the organization orRead MoreCommunication Theory Of Interpersonal Communication Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesProposal: Applying Communication Theory to the Study of Interpersonal Communication Marriages in the United States is at an all-time low, while divorces are at an all-time high. One may wonder why is that. Some couples are divorcing because of irreconcilable differences. One could ponder if divorce is a solution due to a breakdown in communication. This proposal will determine if communication theory can be applied to interpersonal communication to create a lasting relationship. This study will

Ode to autumn Essay Example For Students

Ode to autumn Essay This poem is an excellent portrayal of a term dismissed as being either too cold or too windy to be classed as a special term, as other poets would, and have, written about the ever-optimistic spring, whereas John Keats has here conveyed Autumn naturally and as beautifully as he sees it. The first stanza is a very descriptive piece, leaving the reader to wonder whether the poet is addressing the time of the year, or merely writing about it, i. e. there is no verb present to show who is doing what, just a varied collection of semantically similar adjectives, e.g. mature ripe mellow. These all share the connotation of lateness, or ageing of an object, and these are a reflection of the title of the ode, as it is a term for the year later on in its cycle, and it is aged and is effective because of that. The second stanza directly addresses the autumn, and uses pronouns such as thee and thy. These suggest a respect present between the poet and the Term, with a familiar feeling creeping in as he says Thee sitting carelessly on a granary floor. This is an effective image, the poet seeing the term as being wheat or cereal on the floor, where it usually is at the time this poem is set. This personification is effective as it creates a homely atmosphere, bringing the autumn closer i. e. bringing it all around us and making us realise that it is closer than what we imagine. From this stage onwards, the poet gives a feeling that autumn is in fact a woman, and he romances with her, describing all her beautiful aspects, e. g. Drowsd with the fume of poppies and Or by a cyder-press, with patient look. One thing that must be noticed here as well is that although the time is personified, she is not named, a feature maybe that she is so familiar that she need not be named by the poet, and this is extremely effective as it adds to the familiar feeling given to autumn. The third stanza opens by crying out Where are the songs of Spring? , referring to the fact that so many poets prefer to write about the Spring, and might dismiss the autumn because of this. The poet continues by claiming, Think not of them, thou hast thy music too, consoling the Term, and claiming that the autumn is just as naturally beautiful, and that it boasts of songs, a metaphor effectively conveying beauty as well. This is the first time that the sense of sound has arisen in this poem, although the other senses are aplenty, e. g. Ripeness=Taste, rosy hue=sight, Warm days =feeling etc. The graphology of the poem is interesting, as the rhyming pattern is indicated by the indention of the line, each different indent representing a pair of rhymes. This is effective as it eases the reading and gives a steady rhythm. The most fascinating feature of this ode I believe is the fact that the poet was critically ill with Tuberculosis when he wrote this and thinking over the context of the poem, maybe the poet believed that he was in his very own personal autumn of his life? b) Another poem that conveys nature beautifully well to me is that of Gods Grandeur by Gerard Manley Hopkins. This is a poem in wonder of Gods work, where he questions mankinds attitude to Him and to His work. This is conveyed in the second part of the sonnet where the poet describes the situation as the last lights off the black West, which I believe is extremely effective as west conveys the sunset, and poetically speaking, death and destruction, but, the poet continues by stating Oh, morning at the brown brink eastward springs, meaning that dawn will come, where all decay and maliciousness will cease to be and the sun will shine through. .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f , .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .postImageUrl , .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f , .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f:hover , .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f:visited , .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f:active { border:0!important; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f:active , .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a6ba9f6ffeb5d90d0c1aed8189c850f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jack Favell Rebecca EssayHe also effectively shows his somewhat distaste for modern life, when he feels man cannot feel the earth now, being shod, which is one of many biblical references, this one referring to the Garden of Eden, where man and woman alike wore nothing, least of all shoes. Another way this poem reflects nature to me in an imaginative way is how the poet uses the English equivalent to cynganeddu, which gives a very interesting rhythm and pattern to each line, e. g. The world is charged with the grandeur of God This line, I believe is a fantastic start, as it immediately shows how far ahead the poet was for his era, i. e. , electricity was only making its first appearance, and Gerard Hopkins already senses its power and immediately gives God that power in this poem, i. e. charged with God. Also, he asks why we do not heed His rod, another reference to biblical background, that is the lightning rod of God, and also another connection between God and electricity. The context of this poem is that of a Catholic Priest expressing his belief that God shows his love towards us through the beauty of his Creation, and that all this smearing, mans smudge and blearing, all phonological effects, suggesting the negative effects man has cast upon this world, and reinforcing the idea that man does not heed his rod anymore. The power conveyed in this poem is immense i. e.the power of God, but most of all the power of nature. E. g. the oozing of oil phonologically creates a strong grip on me as a reader and this is soothingly effective because of that.

Inventory Fixed Asset Management in Hospital free essay sample

Many research works are carried out and many more post graduates are passing out yearly. There is a systematic growth of the university in various forms i. e. expansion of courses, constructing new buildings for various departments, improving the quality of study, providing a good ,healthy and sound environment for the researchers and students. There is also a hostel facility for all the researchers and the students since from establishment of the university. Recently our university has celebrated â€Å"GOLDEN JUBLEE FUNCTION† for the successful completion of 50 years of education growth. The facilities of the students are increasing day by day . There are many departments in the university and it is providing service to students in the S. V. University. The maintenance of this Health Center is carried out by Sr. Medical Officer, Jr. Medical Officers and working staff. The services to all the patients are provided with excellence. It is having five departments providing services to the patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Inventory Fixed Asset Management in Hospital or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are special department known as the Psychological Department that takes the special counseling to the persons who are psychologically depressed. The services like X-Ray and the Ultra Sound are also provided. With every going day the need to be where the inflow of out patient request exceeds that which can be handled manually. Hence computerization of OP receipt request and maintenance of the drugs through the computerization brings better satisfaction and service oriented ness. Quicker processing of OPNO receipt would mean better service to the patients . It would also help in the complexity of maintaining the records manually and thus less time is wasted on rework. Proper maintenance of the drug information timely dispatching of the drugs from the main stores to the pharmacy and also maintenance of daily dispatching of the drugs to the out patients from the pharmacy to the out patients . Towards this achievement the computerization of the Health Center will help greatly in maintaining pf proper information about the out patients who are eligible for the free services and the patients who are not eligible for the free services , drug information , patients records ,and daily dispatching of the drugs to various patients .

The Pied in The Pied Piper

The Pied in The Pied Piper The Pied in The Pied Piper The Pied in The Pied Piper By Maeve Maddox The Pied Piper is a character in a German folk tale popularized in English by Robert Browning in his poem â€Å"The Pied Piper of Hamelin.† In Browning’s version, a town corporation hires the Piper to rid their town of a plague of rats. They agree to pay what the Piper asks. When the rats are dead, however, the town leaders renege on the contract because the rats cannot be brought back. In retaliation, the Piper lures away their children, never to be seen again. The moral of the tale is that cheating people can have unexpected and dreadful consequences. The term â€Å"pied piper† has entered the language in the sense of someone who, by means of personal charm, entices people to follow him or her, usually to disappointment or misfortune. Browning’s Piper wears a long coat â€Å"from heel to head† which is â€Å"half of yellow and half of red.† The coat is what gives him his name. The adjective pied means â€Å"of two colors.† Originally, the two colors were black and white, the colors of a magpie. Magpie is where the â€Å"pie† comes from. The word usually refers to an animal with markings of two colors, especially a bird: pied kingfisher, pied flycatcher, pied finch, etc. In the Middle Ages, the Carmelites were called â€Å"pied friars† because their religious habit consisted of a brown tunic and a white cloak. The Benedictines and Cistercian monks were called â€Å"pied monks† because they wore a white tunic and a short black cloak. A pied horsepiebald has black and white patches, although some speakers use the word pied or piebald to describe patches of any differing colors. Another type of pied horse is called a skewbald: When the white is mixed with black it is called pie-bald, with bay the name of skew-bald is given to it. –Youatts The Horse, 1866. The term pied piper is popular with writers on the Web, although what they mean by it is often difficult to discern: Rufus Harley: the Pied Piper of jazz Todd is the Pied Piper of cool Steve Gryb: the Pied Piper of Percussion Mohamed El Baradei: Globalist Pied Piper of the Egyptian Revolt Seligman: the Pied Piper of positive psychology Ryan McGinley, the Pied Piper of the Downtown Art World Jerry Kapstein: the Pied Piper of Free Agents Headlines are innately ambiguous, but here’s a reference that definitely departs from the traditional meaning of pied piper as â€Å"someone charming who leads his followers to misfortune†: Hes a team guy and just beloved by people that know him. Hes very pleasant to be around. Hes like the Pied Piper, Lamb said. Perhaps a revival of Browning’s poem is in order. In our age of skullduggery, the topic remains timely. Besides, it’s fun to read aloud. Here are a few lines to get you started: Rats!   They fought the dogs and killed the cats,   And bit the babies in the cradles,   And ate the cheeses out of the vats,   And licked the soup from the cooks own ladles,   Split open the kegs of salted sprats,   Made nests inside mens Sunday hats,   And even spoiled the womens chats,   By drowning their speaking   With shrieking and squeaking   In fifty different sharps and flats. You can read it all here: †The Pied Piper of Hamelin† by Robert Browning. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?41 Words That Are Better Than GoodKn- Words in English

QUIZ What Type of Student Are You

QUIZ What Type of Student Are You

Rhetorical Problem Solving Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical Problem Solving - Case Study Example Additionally, for last quarter the sales dropped by 5%, when he goes for lunch he sometimes fails to report back to work and for the last one month Mason has been absent for seven days. Mason has reached his retirement years at sixty-two, but he has refused to retire voluntarily. He looks forward to retiring after three more years of work when he will be sixty-five years. However, Doakes has pointed out that Mason has been diligent on his duties all along until recently. His public relations have also been excellent before. Mason has been grooming Doakes to take his place when he retires, and this also explains the reason the recommendation job had to be given to me. My solution to this problem is to make Doakes assume Mason’s responsibilities, leave Mason’s salary as it is today and raise Doakes’ salary. One of the quickest solutions to this problem would be to retire him against his wishes, but this would be unfair to Mason because he has been of great service to the company for the last twenty-five years. His experience and loyalty for all those years is enough reason to keep him for extra three years. It is worthwhile noting that corporate social responsibility starts from the internal practice. Dealing with employees harshly or ignoring the feelings of the community hits companies very hard down the line. It is necessary that the company maintains good relationship with its workers, make the long-time serving workers feel valued as part of the company. While not every employee’s wishes will be respected in terms of extending their terms, Mason’s case is a special one and it has to be dealt with every caution possible with the fact that he has been very instrumental to the company for years. Am interested in knowing reason for Mason’s stay in the business for three extra years. It could be that he needs the salary, or he needs to complete a project he began. For either reason, it is for the best interest of the

Liquidity Effects in Corporate Bond Spreads Summary Essay

Liquidity Effects in Corporate Bond Spreads Summary - Essay Example However, practical separation of the two fundamental factors is indescribable. Separation of the two fundamental factors during measurement of credit spreads and inherent risks associated with corporate bonds is domineering in understanding individual contributions amongst the two. However, comprehensive understanding of liquidity effects within a specified bond pairs traded by a firm on a given day assists in examining their spreads or yields. Liquidity proxies define the most effective technique of measuring liquidity effects and corporate bond spreads on a given pair of bonds from the same firm. However, liquidity proxies have significant faults in determining the inherent effects requiring addition of clarifying power by incorporating other firms’ bonds. Matching bonds issued by the same firm helps in subduing credit risks and elaborating existing variation within bond spreads. Since liquidity proxies elaborates limited inherent variations in corporate spreads, it is essential to incorporate the aforementioned descriptive power through linking measurement to prices of other bonds within the diverse market. Unreliability of liquidity proxies in providing spreads associated with corporate bonds prompts for further explanation and affirms that measuring bond spreads with liquidity proxies is inherently

Advocates of the American Constitution Essay Example for Free

Advocates of the American Constitution Essay Obtained a strategic advantage over those who opposed it by taking up the name Federalist for themselves and by identifying the adversaries Anti-Federalists. Federalists supported state rule and disagreed with a central national government. By holding the title Federalist, Hamilton and other authors got an additional advantage for their position and got around an extreme conflict over the issue of state versus national power. They emerged as advocates of states rights and this idea was clearly explained in The Federalist Papers, yet they were also evidently advocating for a strong national government. The essays were signed â€Å"Publius† after Publius Valerius who was the state builder and who rebuild the Roman republic following the removing from power Romes last king called Tarquin. Plutarch measured Publius favorably against Solon who was Greeces law giver. And at that instant a modern Publius would have helped erect the new American republic. By opting for a name like Publius, the authors of the Federalist were following a practice which was common among the eighteenth-century writers. The writers used to publish a combined work under a fictitious name instead of a byline. If Hamilton, Madison, and Jay had revealed their identity in The Federalist Papers then they would have been known as advocates of specific positions instead of being recognized by their arguments, and also this would have become a part of the argument over the Constitution. Further more; choosing secrecy was also because of the enmity between Hamilton and George Clinton the New York Governor. Interestingly Hamilton was the single New York ambassador who signed the Constitution. On the contrary, Clinton was an Anti-Federalist who was heading a state where people opposing the new Constitution were in majority. Therefore, opting for Publius was somewhat an effort to shift the discussion away from the personal bitterness between Hamilton and Clinton. As the need of unification has been signified, and the Articles of Confederation had arrears, it was explained by the Publius that a strong republican government was shaped by the Constitution, yet checks and balances controlled it. This type of government, which was strong and had checks, would maintain freedom and assets, and bring back respect for America overseas. Although an un-amended Constitution was opposed by two thirds of the nominated representatives at the New York conventions, the provision of other political writers was done by the Publius. At the same time as replying to explicit Anti-federalist arguments, The Federalist presented an integrated theory of the philosophies upon which the new Constitution was based. History, experience, and reason were the bases of this philosophical foundation, and the long existence of the republican government was verified by this foundation in relation with the examples of failed governments in the past, which were unable to survive. Countering the belief, which is often ascribed to Montesquieu, that republics could stay alive only in small areas taken by identical inhabitants, Madison in The Federalist no. 10 argued that republics could flourish best in large areas where different groups constantly competed with each other. During the constant struggles of these groups the independence of both majorities and minorities would be preserved. This republic would provide better leadership by expanding the group of qualified persons from which delegates would be selected. The Federalist no. 10 by Madison, as mentioned before, was very influential in U. S. political history and philosophy. The separation of the three branches of the federal government had to be done, as the role of a check upon the other was played by each branch in the government Although these three branches were not completely separate the practicality of each division was assured by assigning it enough power to protect itself against the actions of the other division. Furthermore, if any branch exceeded its role as defined in the Constitution then the other branches could proceed by checking on the misuse of power. Moreover, it was also stated by the Publius that freedom was protected by the new Constitution by the provision of power to the central, as well as, state governments. Specific areas of power and simultaneous powers were determined by this new federalism. It was mentioned by the Publius that a central government with restricted powers was created by the Constitution. In this regard, identification of the Congress’s, as well as, President’s powers was also done. The people and the states were left with all the remaining powers completely. If the legislative body dishonored their power and authority bestowed on them then the people could substitute them during the regular elections ensured by the Constitution. On the other hand, if the President or the judiciary breached the confidence of the people, Congress could prosecute them and if convicted Congress could remove them from their designation and from their office. The debate that was going on was based on vocabulary that is circling around the gist of the thoughts constitutive of republican dialogue. They are liberty, tyranny, virtue, corruption, representation, and even republic. It has been said before, along with rationalizations, that the new created American republic was the combined efforts of Federalists and Anti-federalists. A new political system was created not by ordains of a single lawmaker but instead was fought to bring it to life and was constructed jointly by having a powerful discussion between supporters of different political affiliations and theoretical standpoints. â€Å"The ratification debate produced an enormous outpouring of newspaper articles, pamphlets, sermons, and tracts, both for and against the new design. Of the former The Federalist is by far the most famous and certainly the most widely read in our day. The Anti-federalist case against the Constitution, by contrast, is today rarely read or even remembered. Once described (and dismissed) as mere nay-Sayers and men of little faith, the Anti-federalists are now more often regarded as the other founders. †

Economic Conditions Essay -- essays research papers

To analyze an economy, certain statistics can be used to predict the economy’s future. This is important because it helps prepare people for prosperity or hard times. Certain indicators can be used to determine the future of aggregate demand and others can be used to determine aggregate supply. Using eight aggregate demand indicators and four aggregate supply indicators we developed a prediction for the economy in the near future. Changes in aggregate demand are reflected in changes of GDP. To find valuable indicators of the future aggregate demand is to find statistics that tell about change in the components of GDP (C+I+G+Nx). Aggregate supply is influenced by the costs of production to producers and the advent of new or better factors of production and technologies. The indicators we chose as meaningful are also ones used by the Federal Reserve to determine interest rates, automatically validating them as important. The trade deficit is one of the aggregate demand statistics. It shows the balance between imports and exports of the United States. This is the Nx part of GDP. Recently imports have risen while exports have remained constant, making the trade balance more negative and draining GDP. Consumer Confidence is an important indicator of GDP. This is an index created to reflect the sentiment of consumers and how likely they are to spend. This is the C in GDP. The index of Consumer Confidence has fallen for a fourth month in a row and is at a four year low. This sharp...

Co Curricular Activities – Boon or Bane

CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES : BOON OR BANE? Seminar, trainings, workshops, cultural and sports activities are some of the many tasks the students get involved in school which we call co-curricular activities. This involves actual learning of real life situations where students involve in the process and learn the process of the different activities. In a sense, co-curricular activities prepare students practically for the future which provide opportunities for students to work in teams, to exercise leadership, and to take the initiative themselves.Most co-curricular activities are physically active, getting the student out from behind their desk and making them try new things which is healthy and ensures that students are exposed to practical tasks, not just what is taught in class. Co-curricular activities are nice, but they have never been shown to actually play a vital role in a student’s life which now became harmful to their studies because students were overwhelmed of the f un they get in the many activities they were involved.Aside from that, student participants are excused from their classes and given the highest possible score. With this, they also exempt themselves from self-studying because of the freebies they enjoyed in the classroom. In addition, students are aware of the DepEd Memorandum which excuses them from classes and should maintain their grades in every subject area if ever they get a lower grade in a particular grading period where they represented the school. Thus, mediocre students take for granted their studies for they are contented of the passing grades they will be receiving.On the other hand, honor roll students find it difficult to focus on two things: studies and activities. The activities divide their attention and focus in their studies even though they are given the highest possible score. Sometimes, they can’t attend lectures and missed their class because of the activity and they find it difficult to cope up their lessons due to absences. It is also unfair to students who can’t afford to join the different co-curricular activities for it is really expensive joining such gig.Some parents struggled most to finance these activities just to make their children join the race and be on top of the class when the school year ends. We should come to realize that we should balance what we can afford and what we can manage. Quality education is what we need in preparation for life. We need to get the most of it by focusing on our studies and value the things we learned in and outside of the school campus by simply minimizing the attendance to school activities and other co-curricular activities.

George and Lennie Essay

All the characters played in the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† are lonesome, living an empty life everyday consisting of mainly hard labor. The characters all live a very disheartening life, with the lack of happiness, love and affection in their lives. This can be seen also when George mentions that ‘ranch workers are the loneliest people in the world and don’t belong nowhere†. Of the many characters in the novel, Curley’s wife might be one of the most pathetic and reviled of the outsiders. Steinbeck introduces her to us as an outcast, where she is isolated from the community. Being a minor character in the novel, Steinbeck manages to illustrate her as a character that deeply influences the lives of the main characters George and Lennie. Throughout the whole novel, Curley’s wife’s name is never mentioned. This initiates the readers to feel the sense of belonging of Curley’s wife to Curley and to emphasize as an pariah, being feared of, leaving her with nobody to talk to and her identity as a mystery. Apart from that, Curley’s wife is portrayed as the only female in the ranch, and although she is married to Curley, the boss’s son, giving her a high status at the ranch, they are psychologically separated, and are never witnessed together, leaving her desperate for camaraderie. Her desire of attention and escape from loneliness leads her to try to seek attention from other men working in the ranch by flirting. Her coquettish actions and inappropriate dressing leads other characters to think of her as a â€Å"tart†. The ranch workers are uneasy about this and avoid her in fear of being reprimanded by Curley which may cost them to lose their jobs innocently. She is first introduced by Steinbeck when she comes into the bunkhouse disrupting a conversation that Lennie and George are holding. The depiction is dramatic, â€Å"Both men glanced up, for the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off†. This suggests that she has obscured the light, and darkened the room with her presence. This gives a dark and threatening image. Steinbeck describes the image of her standing and peering through the door, â€Å"heavily made-up† with â€Å"full rouged lips† and â€Å"her fingernails† being applied with â€Å"red† nailpolish. The fact that she was â€Å"looking in† through the door â€Å"standing there† accentuates her as an outsider. She is also described wearing â€Å"red mules† and with â€Å"bouquets of red ostrich feathers† on them. The constant repetition of the word â€Å"red† used in the novel to describe Curley’s wife portrays her as one who is dangerous because the color red is quite provocative and has connotations such as love, passion and danger. â€Å"Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages† implies the extensive amount of time she has, being alone with nothing better to do than to curl her hair. Her inappropriate body language proves how she dreadfully tries to seek attention and flirts openly with men as she positions herself against the door frame so that â€Å"her body was thrown forward†. She smiles â€Å"archly† and â€Å"twitch(es) her body†. This gives the reader the general impression that Curley’s wife is an attractive young lady who seeks attention of men. George’s immediate comments such as â€Å"Jesus, what a tramp†, and â€Å"So that’s what Curley picks for a wife† and reactions to Curley’s wife, however, allows the reader to realize that she is a potential threat to George and Lennie. George fumes when he knows of Lennie’s admiration of her being one who is â€Å"purty† and fiercely tells him not to even â€Å"take a look at that bitch† and refers to her as â€Å"poison† and â€Å"jail bait† and to leave her alone. It is obvious that she longs for friends and for someone to talk to, however, males on the ranch dislike her because they see has as one who is a magnet to trouble.

Hitler Vs Stalin essays

Hitler Vs Stalin essays A villain is known as a scoundrel or a wicked person. These words describe the dictators Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin very precisely. Both men were powerful during their rule, but both also caused immense destruction to their countries. Hitler ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. He turned Germany into a powerful war machine, but also initiated World War II. Whereas, Stalin was a hated man, however, he changed the Soviet Union from an underdeveloped charm, and was cruel even to his closest friends. He could not feel pity, could not take criticism, and never forgave an opponent. Few dictators have demanded such terrible sacrifices from their own people. When arguing who is the greater villain, it is accurate to say that these men are equally evil. This is demonstrated through their rise to power, use of power towards their own people, and to the outside world. After World War I, Germany was a country that was in urgent need of a strong leader. This leader needed to pick up the pieces and turn Germany back into a powerful country that it once was before the war. The conditions in Germany after the war were very depressing. The country was bankrupt, millions of people could not find work, and many were dying of hunger. After the war, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles. The limited the country to a 100, 00 man army. Germany was stripped of the territory that it had gained throughout ages of battle, and they had to pay huge reparations. Worst of all, Germany was to take full responsibility for the war. This had taken pride and public spirit away from the country. Many political parties were mad at the signing of the treaty. The people who signed this treaty were seen as criminals. During this period, Adolf Hitler was getting involved in politics and slowly began to gain power. He joined a party called the German Worker's Party, later known as the Nazi Party. This group called for the union into one ...

How to find out your most annoying workplace habits

How to find out your most annoying workplace habits The office is like a second home. It’s the place where you spend 8-10+ hours daily with the same people around you. Being around the same group of people for that many hours you tend to find out what their most annoying habits are. Whether it is the loud girl that is always talking about how fab her life is or the guy across the room who is always bringing in the tuna sandwich; we all know their habits that makes us cringe. But have we ever stopped to consider just as other people’s habits may get under their skin; we just might have the same effect on them? Do you know what your most annoying workplace habit is?This quiz is perfect to help you figure it out; then you can work on stopping it immediately.  Ã‚  Source [PlayBuzz]

Integrative Customer Relationship Management Program for Royal Mail Essay

Integrative Customer Relationship Management Program for Royal Mail Group - Essay Example However, because of the challenges associated with the industry and this particular company itself. Parcel Force is in dire need of establishing a new source of competitive advantage. The pathway chosen to achieve this objective is the Customer Relationship Management Plan. (Smith, 2008) Customer Relationship Management is particularly necessary owing to the fact that the overall UK consumer has become more informed about what he or she is looking for in the postal service sector. Additionally, competition has heightened tremendously within this arena especially given the fact that postal services have become deregulated. Part of the reason for these occurrences is the advent of technology. Electronic dissemination of information has made the market and industry scene for Parcel Force to become quite competitive. On top of the latter, consumers now want faster delivery of their goods and are also looking for quality in service provision. (PA Consultant group, 2008) Given all the latter issues, there was a need to reorganize this company so as to provide excellence in service provision. Part of this reorganisation process is the creation of a three year long strategic plan that will be centred on creating a long term goal of success for this particular company. ... If the latter company sticks to the gaols of this program, then it may make it very difficult for other groups to try and imitate them. 3.0 Vision, Mission, Corporate Objectives 2.1 Vision "to create the most reputable and efficient mail service provider in the United Kingdom through focus on the consumer." 2.2 Mission "to enable all the consumers achieve their personal objectives through provision of sound and efficient solutions by Parcel force" 2.3 Corporate Objectives The corporate objectives will be covered under three major objectives; The company will focus upon expanding its current market. While the UK has a relatively positive image to the issue of postal services, it is imperative to reach those few numbers that are not using this service currently. The second objective will be providing quality services through greater innovation. In other words, technology will be a key factor in improving these matters. The last objective will reflect on the profitability of the latter company as a business enterprise - this means that the company will be one of the most profitable companies in the postal sector. (is4profit, 2008) 4.0 Situational Analysis 4.1 Macroeconomic analysis The UK mail service has been directly associated with growth in the population. This is largely because a rise in population means a larger customer base. However, the economy has embraced a lot of emailing thus diminishing the rate of growth of mails. On top of the latter issues, the UK economic situation is such that there is a direct relationship between mail growth volumes and Gross Domestic product level. Statistics have shown that the amount of mail volumes in the United Kingdom usually increase or decrease at

Economic Characteristics of Steel Industry Case Study

Economic Characteristics of Steel Industry - Case Study Example Increasing population in many parts of the world especially in BRIC countries has also increased the requirement of steel based products such as new vehicles, appliances and building infrastructures. Government is the first force that plays two critical roles. First, local and international sustainable and environmental laws are put into effect to protect the environment from adverse effects of steel producing plants. Second, when the steel firms require protection, it inflicts tariffs and trade regulations plus tax breaks or subsidies; however this can be minimized by providing Free Trade Agreements. Steel industry is highly influenced by technology and fuel prices. Technology has not only improved the quality of steel products but also the continuously growing fuel prices force the steel producing companies to figure out and implement new, innovative, and cost-effective technology and practices. During the past few years, the mergers and acquisitions have not only enhanced the grow th of steel industry but also made the industry more cost competitive where competition is primarily based on prices. Recycling of steel and scrap material is another critical driving force which plays an important part in the joint projects.

Review of 'The Moths of War' Assignment

Review of 'The Moths of War' - Assignment Example However, recent experiments have found out that the original experiments were never truly inaccurate and the scientist was not a fraud. In addition, there is no evidence that Kettlewell forged or manipulated his data to prove the hypothesis. Scientists normally fight back in order to review older science for continued credibility. They carry out exhaustive experiments aimed at repairing the tattered reputation of the older science and reverse the advances of the opponents. They carry out a series of classic experiments to help cement the status of the disputed fact. Such large experiments are conducted to iron out the problems with the older science and prove that it was indeed correct. Therefore, the scientists never throw away the older science and start a fresh. The scientists did not concede that something was wrong. They went ahead and carried out a series of experiments to prove that the works of the original scientist was not wrong but had some problems. The original experiments were never truly inaccurate and the scientist was not a fraud as claimed by journalist Hooper. Majerus discovered that the Hopper’s book was littered with factual errors. There is no evidence that Kettlewell forged or manipulated his data to prove the

Compromised Resin Bond Strength After Enamel Bleaching

Compromised Resin Bond Strength After Enamel Bleaching EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ANTIOXIDANTS ON REVERSING COMPROMISED RESIN BOND STRENGTH AFTER ENAMEL BLEACHING: AN IN VITRO STUDY ABSTRACT Over years, one of the most frequent complaints that patients present with is that of stained teeth. With the advent of straightforward and fast procedures the craze for smile makeovers has risen. Bleaching is the most conservative treatment for discolored teeth compared with other treatments, such as veneers or crowns. Among the various undesirable effects of bleaching is the post treatment compromised enamel bond strength. The waiting period for bonding procedure after bleaching has been reported to vary from 24hrs to 4weeks. To overcome this delay in bonding, several antioxidant agents like 10% sodium ascorbatewith different application times after the bleaching procedure have been used. Hence, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects and efficacy of 10% sodium ascorbate solution, 10%ÃŽ ±-Tocopherol solution, 10% grape seed extract solution and 10% guava seed extract solution on the bond strength between composite resin and bleached enamel after 1 0 minutes and 120 minutes of application. INTRODUCTION Discoloredteeth is a common problem affecting people of various ages. Etiology is multifactorial and different surfaces of tooth can take different stains. With the advent in esthetic dentistry, simple fast in-office and at home bleaching procedures have become effective and popular.1To state in layman’s words the term ‘in office bleaching’means bleaching techniques that are carried out in office. The demand of this technique has increased because of various advantages like: reduction in total treatment timeandgreater potential for immediate results that may enhance patient satisfaction and motivation. It utilizes a gel or liquid of hydrogen peroxide (35-38%) or carbamide peroxide(35%).2 The disadvantages associated with hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent include hypersensitivity and gingival irritation, reduced enamel microhardness andmicromorphological defects due to demineralization.4,5In addition, hydrogen and carbamide peroxide effect the bonding of enamel and dentin tissues when restorations are applied immediately after bleaching treatment.8 Various techniques have been proposed to resolve the clinical problems related to post bleaching compromised bond strength.Barghi and Godwin10 treated bleached enamel with alcohol before restoration,Cvitko and others11 proposed removal of the superficial layer of enamel, Sung etal12 suggested the use of the adhesives containing organic solvents. However, the general approach is to postpone any bonding procedure for a period from 4 daysto 4 weeks.13 To overcome this delay in bonding, application of various antioxidant agents like 10% sodium ascorbate, Vitamin E and Proanthocyanidins after the bleaching procedure have been proposed.14Vitamin E(ÃŽ ±-Tocopherol), acts as peroxyl radical scavenger and prevents the propagation of free radicals in tissues by reacting with them to form a tocopherol radical. This radical is then oxidized by a hydrogen donor and thus returned to its reduced state.15OligomericProanthocyanidins Complexes (OPC) are high molecular weight molecules consisting of monomeric flavan-3-ol cathechin and epicathechin. They are found in high concentrations in natural sources such as grapes, guavas, lemon tree bark and cranberries. It is a naturally occurringmetabolite and has been proven to be safe as an antioxidant in various clinical and dietary supplements. Although studies have shown the efficacy of sodium ascorbate9 and grape seed extract16 in reversal of reduced bond strength to bleached enamel, there is still a paucity of research onvitaminE(ÃŽ ±-Tocopherol) and proanthocyanidines derived from other fruits like guava as viable alternatives to sodium ascorbate. Moreover, studies have reported incongruous findings with concerns to absolute reversal of bond strength to base line levels after 10 minutes of application.17,18Therefore, increase in time of application and varying the concentration of antioxidants to neutralize the residual oxygen is warranted. Hence, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects and efficacy of 10% sodium ascorbate solution, 10%ÃŽ ±-Tocopherol solution, 10% grape seed extract solution and 10% guava seed extract solution on the bond strength between composite resin and bleached enamel after 10 minutes and 120 minutes. The null hypothesis tested was that there is no difference in bond strength reduction reversal after application of different antioxidants for different application times after bleaching. MATERIALS AND METHOD Eighty freshly extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors extracted for periodontal reasons were collected and rinsed in 0.9% unbuffered saline. Labial surfaces of these teeth were flattened with 600 grit silicon carbide paper roots were embedded in acrylic resin block so that only the coronal portion was exposed. Individual moulds of tooth colouredself cure resin were prepared over the specimens. Modelling wax was used as a separator, so as to block the undercuts and also to provide space for antioxidant solution on the labial surface of the specimens. A customised cylindrical silver mould of 3mm diameter and 5mm height was also fabricated. For preparation of 10% antioxidant solutions, 10 gmsodium ascorbate powder(sd fine cHEM Limited, Mumbai)and 10 gmgrape seed extract powder(Biovea, USA) were dissolved in100ml of distilled water.For preparation of 10% alpha tocopherol, 10 ml alpha tocopherol(sd finecHEM Limited, Mumbai) was dissolved in 100 ml of ethyl alcohol. Soxhlet extraction method was used for the preparation of10% guava seed extract.40 gm of guava seedswere placed inside a thimble made from thick filter paper, which was loaded intothe main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The Soxhlet extractor was placed onto a flask containing 40 ml of ethyl alcohol as extraction solvent. The Soxhlet was then equippedwith a condenser. The solvent was heated to reflux. The chamber containing the solid material was slowly filled with warm solvent. When the Soxhlet chamber was almost full, the chamber was automaticallyemptied by a siphon side arm, with the solvent running back down to thedistillation flask. This cycle was repeated many times, over 5 hours.During each cycle, a portion of the non-volatile compound dissolved in thesolvent. After many cycles the desired compound was concentrated in thedistillation flask. After extraction, the solvent was removed, by means of a rotaryevaporator, 10 ml of this extract was then dissolved in 100 ml of distill ed water to make 10 % guava seed extract solution. Labial surfaces of seventy two specimens were bleached with Pola office one patient kit (SDI, Victoria, Autralia) according to manufacturer instructions. The gel was then completely rinsed off with water. These specimens were divided into five experimental groups and control group: Group I(n=16)treated with 10% sodium ascorbate solution Group II(n=16)treated with10% alpha tocopherol solution Group III(n=16)treated with10% grape seed extract solution Group IV(n=16)treatedwith 10% guava seed extract solution Group V(n=8)treated with no antioxidant solution Group VI(n=8)Control (unbleached specimens) Based on application period of antioxidants, groups I-IV were further subdivided as: Subgroup A(n=8)Antioxidant treatmentfor 10 minutesimmediately afterbleaching Subgroup B(n=8)Antioxidant treatment for 120 minutesimmediately afterbleaching The antioxidant solutions were refreshed after every 10 minutes in subgroup B. Specimens were then rinsed with water. Groups V VI did not receive any antioxidant treatment. Labial surfaces of all specimens of Subgroup A and B (Group I-IV), Group V and Group VI were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, followed by rinsing with water for 20 seconds. Bonding agent (Adper single bond) was then applied and light cured for 20 seconds.Customised cylindrical silver mould was placed on the labial surface of each specimen and composite resin (Filtek Z 350 XT) was then placed in three increments so as to have a final build up of 3mm diameter and 5mm height. All specimens after composite build up were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and shear bond strength (SBS) testing was done using Universal Testing Machine (Banbros Engineering Pvt Ltd) at across head speed of 1mm per minute. Data was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS Table 1: Mean Shear bond strength (MPa) in samples of Group I- IV The mean value for samples after bleaching and without application of any antioxidant agent (Group V) was 43.63 MPa. The mean value for samples in Group VI was 77.75 MPa. Bond strength of Subgroup IB (74.13+2.95) was found to be significantly higher (p+2.75). Bond strength of Subgroup IIB (75.88+3.04 units) was found to be higher than that of Subgroup IIA (55.13+1.81 units) and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p Bond strength of Subgroup IIB (76.75+1.75 units) was found to be higher than Subgroup IIA (64.75+2.12 units) and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p Though bond strength of Subgroup IVB (77.00+2.67 units) was found to be higher than that of Subgroup IVA (74.63+2.45 units) but this difference was not found to be statistically significant. Table 2: Analysis of variance in subgroup A Analysis of variance and box plot thereafter revealed statistically significant intergroup differences (p Table 3: Analysis of variance in subgroup B Analysis of variance and box plot thereafter revealed statistically significant intergroup differences (p Graph 1: Intra group Bond strength of different groups DISCUSSION Bleaching treatment focuses on the use of certain types of oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide and sodium perborate, which, when decompose into free radicals initiate the bleaching reaction on dental tissues. The free radicals released, oxidize the pigments and coloring matters impregnated in the dental tissue; breaking the large aromatic chains of the darker coloring pigments and transforming into slightly lighter unsaturated linear chains. As the oxidizing process continues, these chains are converted into even lighter saturated linear chains, thus making the teeth whiter.52 However bleaching affects the tooth at structural and functional level.53 Previous studies have shown that the use of hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide containing bleaching agents adversely affects the bond strength of resin composites to acid etched enamel when bonding is performed immediately after bleaching procedure.54,55,56 This problem is more significant when the desired results or esthetics after bleaching might not be achieved and the patient may wish for additional esthetic options like direct and indirect veneers or full coverage restorations.However studies also point out that this reduction in bond strength is temporary and the original bond strength values are achieved within 1-2 weeks in oral environment.19,22,56,57 Various methods have been proposed for reversal of reduced bond strength54,55,56,12immediately after the bleaching procedure.Kaya et al56, Han et al50 andThapa et al58 found that compromised bonding to acid etched bleached enamel and dentin can be reversed with sodium ascorbate.50,54,56 Ascorbic acid and its sodium salts are potent antioxidants that are capable of quenching reactive free radicals in biological systems.10 Alpha tocopherolallow free-radical polymerization of the adhesive resin to proceed without premature termination by restoring the altered redox potential of the oxidized bonding substrate and improves resin bonding.17 Proanthocyanidins are high-molecular-weight polymers comprising of monomeric flavan-3-ol (+)catechin and (−)epicathechins. In vitro studies have confirmed that OPCs are 50 times more effective than vitamin E and 20 times more powerful than vitamin C.48 To our knowledge, guava seed extract has not been studied as antioxidant to reverse the reduced bond strength after bleaching. Moreover,there is no specific recommendation with regards to application time of antioxidants. As the role of application time in complete reversal of reduced bond strength has not been extensively studied, the current study was carried out with the aim of evaluating and comparing the effects of guava seed extract,grape seed extract, sodium ascorbate and alpha tocopoherolin reversal of bond strength between bleached enamel and composite resin after 10 minutes and 120 minutes of application. Since, the protocol tested in the current study compared the antioxidant preparations in solution form, individual resin moulds were prepared for adequate contact of antioxidants with labial surface of the specimens. In clinical scenario, mould can be substituted by customized trays which can be worn by the patient in the desired area for appropriate time. To standardize the concentration of the antioxidants, 10% concentration was used in the present study, and also the previous studies have suggested that the application of 10% sodium ascorbate waseffective in reversing the compromised bonding to theoxidized enamel and dentin.61,64,33 Sodium ascorbate and alpha tocopherol solutions were prepared from the powder supplied but guava seed extract was prepared from seeds of white guava using soxhlet extraction method. The advantage of soxhlet extraction is that instead of manyportions of warm solvent being passed through the sample,just one batch of solvent is recycled and after extraction, the solvent is removed by means of a rotaryevaporator, yielding the extracted compound. The non-soluble portion of the extracted solid remains in the thimble, and is discarded.36 Kaya AD14 and Dabaset al62 determined the most effective time duration for the application ofsodium ascorbate to be 10 minutes. The authors also concluded that as the application period of the antioxidant increased, the bond strength of the composite on enamel tissue also increasedtill 120 minutes.14 In order to determine the fruition time for reversing the reduced bond strength, two application time periods for antioxidants that is 10 minutes and 120 minutes were choosen for the current study. Subgroup A samples received antioxidant treatment for 10 minutes and subgroup B samples for 120 minutes. The antioxidants were refreshed after every 10 minutes when applied for 120 minutes. The most frequently ignored guideline in the test protocol is following the ISO/TS 11405 specification (2003) i.e.‘a limitation of the bonding area is important’66,so to standardize the dimensions of composite cylinders which were fabricated over the labial surface of the specimens after the antioxidant treatment, preformed mold of silver with 3mm internal diameter and 5mm height was made. This silver mold was then placed over the individual specimens to build up the composite cylinders. The shear bond strength was evaluated using universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min as described in previous studies.15,17,19 The mean shear bond strength of Group VI (control) was 77.75 MPa and of Group Vwas 43.63MPa. This observation is in accordance with the results of other studies in the literature.68,69Many reasons have been proposed for reduction in bond strength after bleaching.71Lai et al54 stated that reduction in resin enamel bond strength to bleached etched enamel is likely to be caused by a delayed release of oxygen that affects the polymerization of resin components. Also Rueggeberg and Margeson70 proposed that release of oxygen, could either interfere with resin infiltration into etched enamel or inhibit polymerization of resins that cure via a free radical mechanism.Titleyet al56 stated that hydrogen peroxide causes denaturation of proteins in the organic components of the dentin and enamel and thus causing the alteration in organic and inorganic ratio with an increase in inorganic component.Titley et al,56Kalili et al,20Dishman et al8 stated that most acceptable version might be presence of the residual oxygen from the bleaching agent which inhibits resin polymerization. In the present study, after the application of respective antioxidants for 10 minutes, mean shear bond strengths of different groups were evaluated as 54.88MPa, 55.13 MPa, 64.75 and 74.63 MPa for group IA, II A, III A and IV A respectively. Except for Group IV A (guava extract solution), none of the antioxidants (Group IA, IIA, IIIA) showed complete reversal in bond strength when applied for 10 minutes. This corroborates with the findings of Thapaet al18, Sasaki et al17, Torres et al29. In the present study, after the application of respective antioxidants for 120 minutes, mean shear bond strengths of different groups were evaluated as 74.13 MPa, 75.86 MPa, 76.75 MPa and 77 MPa for group IB, II B, III B and IV B respectively. Thus complete reversal of reduced bond strength was achieved in all the experimental groups when applied for 120 minutes and is in accordance with the previous studies,17,18,29 which stated that bond strength increases with increase in antioxidant application time till 120 minutes.17,18 The results of the study demonstrate that guava seed extract have highest antioxidant activity both for 10 minutes and 120 minutes of application among all the antioxidants used in the present study. Further studies are required using higher concentrations of antioxidants and reducing their time of application so as to achieve complete reversal of reduced bond strength after enamel bleaching. CONCLUSION Within the limitation of the present study it could be concluded that: Immediate bonding of resin composite to bleached enamel results in reduced shear bond strength. Treatment of bleached enamel surface with 10 minutes application of 10% sodium ascorbate, 10% alpha tocopherol, 10% grape seed extract and 10% guava seed extract improves the reduced bond strength significantly immediately after bleaching, but only the application of 10%guava seed extract for 10 minutes reverses it to baseline levels. All the antioxidants after 120 minutes of application completely restored the reduced bond strength.

Lee Silverman Voice Treatment Essay -- Health, Parkinson’s Disease

Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) is primary utilized as a voice treatment for individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD), it’s main focus is that it attempts to increase vocal loudness and improve vocal function (Countryman S, Hoehn M, O’Brien C, Pawlas A, Ramig L, and Sapir S, 2001)(Ramig L, Sapir S, Fox C, and Countryman S, 2001). There has also been success in utilizing this treatment protocol for clients with dysarthria associated with stroke, and traumatic brain injury as well as children who have cerebral palsy and Down syndrome (Marchant, J., McAuliffe, M., & Huckabee, M. January 2008)(Spielman, J Ramig L Mahler L Halpern A Gavin W., 2007,)(Wenke, R., Theodoros, D., & Cornwell, P., January 2008)). LSVT was conceived in 1987 and has been extensively studied around the world since then (Countryman et. al., 2001). LSVT is a very unique form of voice therapy in that it focuses on several very simple tasks that are designed to maximize the client’s phonation and respiratory functions. (Countrymen et al., 2001). Spielman et al., 2007 indicated that the standard course o...

NMCI Project Assessment

The following is my assessment of the project:That when developing the project care was never taken to read carefully the set objectives and whether or not they were being met. As a result only two of them were met which indicated there was a need to overhaul the system. None the less expansion continued as if nothing was wrong.Modern development tools like prototyping were never used properly. System users were never involved in the development as the project was only handled by the experts. As a result serious mistakes were never detected let alone being solved in time. The size of the project needed the use of modern networking hardware, fast enough to cope with the heavy traffic created by the over 650,000 users. Instead of replacing the obsolete old hardware with the new ones the project continued to build on them which created more disaster.The monitoring process was never put into use as the Navy personnel who appeared to have vested interest in the project kept on defending i t rather than bringing correcting and useful comments during the development process. They only focused on being able to provide some service whether that service was reliable or dependable was never the issue was never an issue. The Navy system is normally classified as critical and needs special methods   to minimize and tolerate some faults during its development. Such methods were never used. For example reliability, safety and security assessments were never done. Performance tests were never carried even though it was clearly known such tests were mandatory. The programming languages used were never compatible with modern   distributed operating systems. There was need to use Object Oriented Systems to enhance later modification compatibilityTHE AFI NEW SYSTEM PROPOSALIntroductionPurpose of the DocumentThis document is prepared for use by the following people and for the following purposes:User Name Why need the Document System Customers Check if needs are met and specify any changes that may be required Managers/ Officers To plan for the system bid and its development System Engineers To Know and be guided on what system to develop System test engineers To develop validation tests System Maintenance Engineers To understand the system parts and its totality Scope of the ProductThis system is meant to be used by the current air force staff and it will take into account their current number and the projected number in the year 2030..It will use the most current network technology including their topologies, transmission media, and distributed operating system architecture.System OverviewWhy use networksTo allow for efficient sharing and use of computer resourcesTo facilitate efficient dissemination of messages, notices to air force staffTo provide connectivity to other armed forces and air force personnel in USTo research and read widely about events taking place in US, and outside world. In particular those that are a threat to the USTo perform trade and other commercial activitiesThe connectivity and expected workloadEthernet products will be used due to its simplicity and widespread useFiber optics cables will provide major connectivityWireless hone technology will be usedExpected Achievements and FailuresAll the cited failures in the NMCI project will be avoided, specifically:The integrated system life cycle will be used which is proper fact finding, system design, system implementation through prototyping, system integration and testing; system parallel operation, evaluation and maintenance.User involvement at all levels of system developmentUser training through in house training programs; seminars and workshop attendanceSystem ConstraintsThe major constraint will be lack of awareness on the part of users . Computer technology is changing very rapidly and the organization will be properly informed and well prepared to accept such changes as inevitable.Methods and ProceduresNetwork Models UsedSystem Anticipated EvolutionsRec ommendationsConclusionsReferences:Internet as given from NMCI system namely:http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0751.pdf http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1206/120806ts1.htm http://www.eds.com/news/news.asp?news_id=2905 Ian Summerville : Software Engineering

Biography of Kofi Annan

Kofi Annan was born in the Kofandros section of Kumasi, Ghana – in what was then the British colony of the Gold Coast. He is a twin, which has a respected status in Ghanaian culture. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shares the middle name Atta, which in Fante and Akan means ‘twin'. Annan and his sister were born into one of the country's aristocratic families; both their grandfathers and their uncle were tribal chiefs. [2] In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week on which they were born, and/or in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday. [3] Pronunciation: Annan has said his surname rhymes with â€Å"cannon† in English. [4] From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended the elite Mfantsipim school, a Methodist boarding school in Cape Coast founded in the 1870s. Annan has said that the school taught him â€Å"that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere†. [5] In 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, Ghana gained independence from Britain. In 1958, Annan began studying economics at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Ghana. He received a Ford Foundation grant, enabling him to complete his undergraduate studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, in 1961. Annan then did a DEA degree in International Relations at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1961–62. After some years of work experience, he studied at the MIT Sloan School of Management[6] (1971–72) in the Sloan Fellows program and earned a Master of Science (M. S. ) degree. Annan is fluent in English, French, Kru, other dialects of Akan, and other African languages. [